IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON BANK PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF SELECTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA (2001 – 2011)

IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON BANK PERFORMANCE: A STUDY OF SELECTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA (2001 – 2011) Abubakar Muhammad Postgraduate Student, Department of Economics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Dr. Nasir Mukhtar Gatawa Department of Economics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Haruna Sani Birnin Kebbi Department of Arts and Social Science, Umaru Waziri Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi --- Abstract This study assessed the Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Nigerian banking industry using eleven selected Commercial Banks in Nigeria. The study used bank annual data over the period 2001 to 2011. This study applied Fixed and Random Effects Models in its analysis. The results from the Hausman test revealed that Random Effects Model was appropriate. The findings of the study indicated that the use of ICT in the banking industry in Nigeria increases return on equity. It has also been found an inverse relationship between additional sustained investment in ICT and efficiency which the study recommends among other thing shifting more emphasis on policies that will boost efficient/proper utilization of ICT equipment rather than additional investments. --- Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Banks’ Performance, Return on Assets, Return on Equity and Profitability Background to the study Researches by Grigorian, et al., (2002); Nzotta and Okereke, (2009); Thiel, (2001) has shown that globalization has caused intense competition in the banking industry, worldwide. The world is seen as a global village which turned the markets and economies in like manner. The phenomenon called globalization has significantly intensified competition in three particular aspects in the way competition had evolved giving it a new dimension viz.: (i) banks faces pressures from a wide and diverse range of competitors; (ii) the regulatory environment has become less protective of the banking sector and (iii) competition has become global in nature (Abdulsalam, 2006). The universal banking system was introduced in Nigeria in the early 1990s and rest of the world as an offshoot of globalization. Under this new system, banks were no longer specialized in either merchant banking or commercial banking; rather they are allowed to provide banking and other financial services to their customers under the new universal banking license. Banks could therefore provide commercial banking, stock broking, insurance business, asset and trustee management services under the new banking regulation. It also prompted a rapid and significant branch office expansion program with its attendant significant increases in the volume of customers’ transactions in banking industry for survival and profitability (Johnson, 2005). The increased demand for information and communication technology (ICT) in banking sector became imminent and unavoidable in the world at large and Nigeria in particular. Invariably, the future lies in the ICT driven banking systems and services. Banks have embarked on deployment of ICT based banking products and services such as automated teller machine (ATM), internet banking, mobile banking solutions, point of sale terminals, computerized financial accounting and reporting, human resources solution among others (Ovia, 2005). Linked to this, was the banking license liberalization of the early 1990s in Nigeria. The landmark period witnessed the birth of the new generation banks (i.e. GT Bank, Zenith Bank, etc.) that commenced operations with the state-of-the-art technology, which exposed the sluggishness and inefficiency of the older banks (i.e. the three Giants; First Bank, UBA and Union Bank). Some researches had shown that the then “re-engineering” fever, compelled the old generation banks to change. It was further stated that the trend actually took selected commercial banks some time to follow suit because the issues were much more than designing algorithms and chewing seminal computing papers from first class journals. Statement of the problem One of the challenges confronting e-banking in Nigeria could be classified into three classes as human, operational and technical constraints. The human constraints include physical disability, poor sight, illiteracy and ageing. The operational constraints include insecurity of funds transferred, frauds and standardization of channels. The technical constraints are centered on the lack of supporting infrastructures such as erratic electricity supply, interdependence and lack of encryption on short message system (SMS) messages (Agbada, 2008). Other identified problems that can have an impact on the banks in the adoption of ICT can be grouped broadly as psychological and behavioral. These include consumer awareness, security, accessibility to computers, reluctance to change, the cost of adoption, and preference for personalized services among others. Additionally, diffusion of smart card innovation needs high investment for the upgrades of ATMs and EFT/POS terminals to be capable of accepting smart cards and presumably a substantial investment in adding smart card technology for mobile computers and telephony stand to be another challenge. The implementation of smart cards for the whole Europe, according to Visa figures, requires eight billion dollars ($8 billion) investment. Although this is an affordable amount for many of the potential players, most players would only pay the entire amount if it would give them some proprietary or luck in advantage. So far, no player has felt confident enough to take a committed first mover position. This is in developed countries, what more of a developing country like Nigeria (Ovia, 2005). Coupled with these problems is a situation where a bank issue an individual debit card that is associated with an account with a line of credit and is also an ATM debit card, the individual can perform a number of different types of transactions with the same card. The line of credit could be accessed fraudulently, where the owner has recourse under consumer credit legislation and under regulation if the fraud involves an electronic fund transfer (EFT). When automated teller machine (ATMs) or electronic point of sale (POS) terminals are used, his liability is limited under the EFTA. If, however, the fraudulent use of the card directly debits his bank account in a paper-based transaction, the consumer has no recourse under current legislation. This is an example where the same card represents three different instruments, each of which, in the case of fraud, would require different actions by the consumer (Agbada, 2008). In order to investigate the impact of ICT on bank performance in addition to problems identified, this study intends to investigate and answer the following question: To what extent does ICT improve bank performance with reference to the selected commercial banks in Nigeria? Objectives of the study The general objective of this study is to analyze the role of ICT in enhancing the performance of banking operations with reference to selected commercial banks in Nigeria. Specifically this research work is to empirically test whether ICT has improved the performance of selected commercial banks in Nigeria or otherwise. Hypothesis of the study This study will make use of the following null hypothesis: H0: There is no significant relationship between the level of ICT and bank performance. Scope and Limitations of the study Specifically, the study intends to investigate the use and development of some classes of ICT applications namely: automated teller machine (ATM); local area network (LAN), on- line banking, electronic fund transfer, and data processing (DP) applications among others and their impact on selected commercial banks performance. The study covers the period between 2001 to 2011. The choice of the period is informed by the fact that in the year 2005 Universal Banking was in its fifth year of operation in Nigeria. The study of this nature is normally faced with lack of accessibility to data because most of the data are classified and considered to be confidential in nature. However this limitation was overcome by relying on officials in the bank that were capable of furnishing the required information by virtue of their ranks and files. The data obtained is expected to serve the purpose of the analysis. Secondly, lack of cooperation from the bank management and staff on issues relating to ICT investment and other ICT related issues. Often, banks are reluctant to divulge data bothering on these issues for competitive reasons. Data obtained from published reports and banks’ officials are expected to serve as the basis for this analysis. Empirical Literature Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Bank Performance Information Technology (IT) is the automation of processes, controls, and information production using computers, telecommunications, software and ancillary equipment such as automated teller machine and debit cards (Johnson 2005). Irechukwu (2000) lists some banking services that have been revolutionized through the use of ICT as including account opening, customer account mandate, and transaction processing and recording. Communication technology deals with the physical devices and software that link various computer hardware components and transfer data from one physical location to another (Laudon and Laudon; 2001). ICT products in use in the banking industry include automated teller machine, smart cards, telephone banking, MICR, electronic funds transfer, electronic data interchange, electronic home and office banking (Akpan, 2008 and Johnson, 2005). Agboola (2001) studied the impact of computer automation on the banking services in Lagos and discovered that electronic banking has tremendously improved the services of some banks to their customers in Lagos. The study was however restricted to the commercial nerve center of Nigeria and concentrated on only six banks. He made a comparative analysis between the old and new generation banks and discovered variation in the rate of adoption of the automated devices. Aragba-Akpore (1998) investigated on the application of information technology in Nigerian banks and pointed out that IT is becoming the backbone of banks’ services regeneration in Nigeria. He cited the Diamond Integrated Banking Services (DIBS) of the Diamond Bank Limited and electronic smart card accounts (ESCA) of All States Bank Limited as efforts geared towards creating sophistication in the banking sector. Ovia (2000) discovered that banking in Nigeria has increasingly depended on the deployment of information technology and that the IT budget for banking is by far larger than that of any other industry in Nigeria. He contended that the on-line system has facilitated internet banking in Nigeria as evidenced in some of them launching websites. He found also that banks now offer customers the flexibility of operating an account in any branch irrespective of which branch the account is domiciled. Woherem (1997) discovered that since 1980s Nigerian banks have performed better in their investment profile and use of ICT systems, then the rest of the industrial sector of the economy. An analysis of the study carried out by African Development Consulting Group Ltd. (ADCG) on IT diffusion in Nigeria shows that banks have invested more on IT, have more IT personnel, more installed base for PCs, LANs, and WANs and have a better linkage to the internet than other sectors of the Nigerian economy. The study, however pointed out that whilst most of the banks in the west and other parts of the world have at least one PC per staff, Nigerian banks are lagging seriously behind, with only a PC per capita 0.18 (Woherem, 1997). Gwashi and Alkali (1996) observe that ICT covers all forms of computer and communications equipment and software used to create, store, transmit, interpret, and manipulate information in its various formats e.g., business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures and multimedia presentations. It also refers to the electronic devices used to collect, process, store and disseminate information. Similarly, the deployment of ICT is skyrocketing with many organizations using it in office automation, i.e. word processing, electronic mail, telecommunicating and teleconferencing. Other areas of ICT application are as follows: In business management, computerized database management system (DBMS) and management information system (MIS) are now making commerce and Industry pleasurable and ensuring decision making. Acharya, et al., (2008) examined the impact of web design features of a community bank’s performance using a sample of 55 community banks with online services in the five midwestern states of the USA. The author utilized both primary and secondary data by applying multiple regression models. The results show that banks with higher usability of ICT perform significantly better than those with low ICT usability. Berger, et al., (2003) examined technological progress and its effects in the banking industry using data collected from the banking industry in the United States over the period 1967 to 2001. The author employed multiple regression model, and the findings revealed that improvements in costs of lending capacity due to improvements in “back – office” technologies, as well as consumer benefits from improved “front office” technologies suggests significant overall productivity increases in terms of improved quality and variety of banking services. Malhotra and Singh (2009) examined the implications of internet banking on the Indian banking industry using information drawn from a survey of 85 scheduled commercial banks’ websites, during the period June 2007, by applying multiple linear regression model. Results revealed however, that profitability in the banking industry while offering internet banking does not have any significant association with their overall performance. Opera, et al., (2010) investigated the impact of technology on relationship marketing orientation (RMO) and business performance (BP) of the Nigerian banks using quantitative and qualitative data generated from 123 different bank branches in Port Harcourt, with 565 targeted respondents. The authors employed multiple regression model to analyze the data, and the findings revealed that the technology exists as a moderating variable in the RMO – BP relationships of the Nigerian banks. The study also recommended that banks should be technologically compliant in order to have high performance and lasting customer relationship. England, et al., examined the number of US banks offering internet banking and analysed the structure and performance characteristics of these banks. They however, found no evidence of major differences in the performance of the group of bank offering internet banking activities compared to those that do not offer such services in terms of profitability, efficiency or credit quality. Dos Santos and Peffers (1993) empirically studied the effects of early adoption of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) technology by banks on employee efficiency using a sample of 3,838 banks covering the period 1970 to 1979 by applying multiple regression models. The finding revealed that the introduction of ATM technology improves the bank's performance. Akram and Hamdan (2010) examined the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on Jordanian banking industry for the period of 2003 – 2007. The authors used a sample of 15 banks to analyze the data obtained by applying multiple regression model and diagnostics test to check the normality and multicollinearity problems. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant impact on the use of ICT in Jordanian banks on the market value added (MVA) earning per share (EPS), Return on Assets (ROA) and Net Profit Margin (NPM). Kagan, et al. (2005) examined the impact of online banking applications on community bank performance in the United States using data collected from 1183 banks operating in Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The authors employed an econometric model (Structural Equation Model) for the data analysis. The findings of the study revealed that online banking helps community banks improve their earning ability. Studies on the effects of ATMs on profitability provide evidence of cost savings and better services for customers. Survey of banks conducted by Abdullah (1985) in Malaysia, Katagiri (1989) in Japan and Shawkey (1995) in the USA, revealed that investing in ATMs reduces banking transaction costs, the number of staff and the number of branches. Therefore, investing in ATMs increases the value of deposit accounts, which are cheaper in terms of costs of funds than other sources, such as borrowing money from other institutions, hence reducing the overall cost of funds. This suggests that there is a role for IT investment in the explanation of bank profitability. Kozak (2005) analyzing the values of return on asset (ROA) and over the period of 1992 - 2003 found out that the value of the return on assets for the U.S, the banking sector has increased by 51 percent. This result suggests that IT improvements, associated with extensive office networks and range of offered services have helped to generate additional revenues for banks. For the same period much smaller reduction of the non-interest costs has been achieved. It means the value of cost efficiency fell by 13 percent. This means that a huge number of diverse operations require higher IT investments and additional non-interest charges. In order to assess relationships between the degree of the IT progress, and the profitability (ROA) and cost efficiency, the regression analysis was used to achieve more precise statistical results, based on quarterly values obtained from the FDIC. Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as indices for Bank Performance Indicators Measuring bank performance is complicated, but one of the most reliable yardsticks is an institution's return on assets, or ROA and ROE have been widely used as measures of banks’ performance. Banking sector in Saudi Arabia has been examined by Ahmed and Khababa (1999). They used three measures of profitability as dependent variables; ROE, ROA and percentage change in earnings per share. On the other hand, they used four independent variables. These were: business risk measured by dividing the total loans of the bank by its total deposits, market concentration, the market size measured by dividing the deposits of the bank by the total deposits of the commercial banks under study and the size of the bank. The results of their findings indicated that the business risk and the bank size were the major determinants of the banks’ performance. In another study Abdulsalam and Abdullahi (2008) indicated that the competitive banking environment in Nigeria between 1999 and 2004 was very intense. The average profit elasticity (PE) for all the sampled banks put together is 184.1% implying that for the period under study, a bank in the industry can only increase profit if it can increase operating expenses by 184.1%. This percentage shows a fierce competition in the industry. As such, some banks operated inefficiently because they had to increase their operating expenses in order to cope with the fierce competition. The average ROA for all sampled banks put together was 2.50%, implying that only a fraction of banks’ management could use their assets efficiently to generate income. This supports the claim of the competition-inefficiency hypothesis that an increase in competition could cause a decline in bank efficiency (Weill, 2003; and Boot and Schmeits, 2005). Return on assets (ROA) is a comprehensive measure of overall bank performance from an accounting perspective (Sinkey, Jr., 1992). It is a primary indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capable the management of the bank has been converting the bank’s assets into net earnings. ROE measures accounting profitability from the shareholder’s perspective. It approximates the net benefit that the stockholders have received from investing their capital (Rose and Hudgins, 2006). Theoretical Framework Some analysis applied modified forms of Solow’s (1957) neoclassical growth model (e.g., Jorgenson and Stiroh 2000; Oliner and Sichel 2000). Essentially, they employed aggregate output (Y) modeled as a simple function of IT capital services (KIT), other capital services (KOTH), include labor (L), and a multifactor productivity term (MFP). Technological change is embodied in the MFP variable. A number of neoclassical assumptions are imposed, including perfect competition, constant returns to scale, no adjustment costs, equal returns to all types of capital, Hicks-neutral technological change, etc. The growth in labor productivity is given by: .(Y/L) = a1 .(KIT/L) + a2 .(KOTH/L) + .MFP Where . denotes a growth rate, and the a are income shares. Technological progress is measured by the Solow residual or .MFP. These studies generally found that IT contributed significantly to the recent upswing in aggregate productivity in two ways. First, the very large investments in IT equipment over time resulted in “capital deepening” or increases in . (KIT/L), growth in IT capital per unit of labor. Second, IT contributed to .MFP primarily as a result of productivity gains in the production of this equipment. Porter (1985) explains that competitive advantage grows fundamentally out of the value a firm is able to create for its buyers that exceeds the firm’s cost of creating it. In this sense, value is what buyers are willing to pay, and superior value stems from offering lower prices than competitive price for equivalent benefits or providing unique benefits that more than offset a higher price. To achieve sustainable profit, therefore, a firm needs sustainable advantage, in either cost or differentiation (Porter, 1980, 1985). Thus, there are two basic types of competitive advantage: cost leadership and differentiation. These two basic types of source of competitive advantage combined with the scope of the firm’s activity lead to three known generic strategies – cost leadership, differentiation strategy and focus strategy – for achieving above – average performance in an industry. This research work adopted Porter (1985) “competitive advantage grows” as it is more significant in developing countries. It is the theory among all other competing theories that regards competition as an “engine of growth”, as it can be seen that most of the developing economies are adopting export promotion policies by boosting their economies through competition. Most of the empirical studies reviewed in this research work that use data from developing countries adopt a competitive theory, and most of them confirm the positive and significant influence of competition, with very few that confirms negative influence. Methodology Data and Sources In this study, secondary data in the form of panels have been used. The data have been collected from the banks' annual financial reports and Factbooks covering the period 2001 – 2011. The data comprises of net profits, total assets, total equity, ATM machines and e- banking services of the selected commercial banks. Sample size and sampling techniques According to Asika (2006), it is practically impossible to take a complete and comprehensive study of the entire population because of the nature and pattern of distribution or dispersion of the elements of the population. For the purpose of this research work, the sample used comprises 11 selected commercial banks out of a total population of 21 commercial banks in Nigeria. Thus, compared to the population, the sample is a bit above fifty percent which makes it adequate for the purpose of drawing inferences with respect to the entire population of the 21 mega banks in the country. A non-probability sampling method was applied in some circumstances where it was not feasible or practical to conduct random sampling. In the course of this research study, a non-probability sampling method in the form of availability/purposive sampling techniques have been used. The use of purposive/availability sampling techniques was relied upon in order to solicit information that was available on our variables of interest in this study which were purposefully designed in our model. The nature of some of the variables we are looking for such as net profit, ICT, total asset, return on equity may not be comprehensively provided by all the banks. Consequently we relied on where we could source our target data. Variables and Measurements The variables captured in the model specified in this study were measured as follows; Dependent variable Bank Performance – this variable has often been measured using return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). Return on asset is defined as net income after tax divided by total assets. This ratio is an indicator of managerial efficiency; it indicates how capable the management of the banks has been converting the bank's assets into net earnings, while return on equity is measured as net income after tax divided by total equity capital. It measures the rate of return to the shareholder (Adegbaju and Olokoyo, 2008; Ahmad and Khababa, 1999; and Kim and Kim, 1997). But in this study we have used return on equity as a proxy on bank performance. Independent variables The explanatory variables in the model are also measured as follows: i. Net profit. This was measured as profits realized by the bank after tax following the works of Adegbaju and Olokoyo, 2008; Ahmad and Khababa (1999) and Kim and Kim (1997). ii. ATM’s this variable was measured by the number of ATM used by each bank (Agbada, 2008). Other control variable are: iii. E-banking services in order to show the level of e-banking application by each bank of the selected banks. Method of Data Analysis A panel-data set was analyzed using the STATA econometric software version 9. In order to avoid any form of model misspecification adequate panel approaches have been followed in analyzing the data set. According to Yaffee (2005) the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), constant coefficients, fixed effects and random effects models are among the commonly used models in analyzing panel data. Examples of these models are thus stated. According to Bruderl (2005) the OLS model (pooled-OLS) for panel data can be estimated as: YiT = ßo + ß1 Xit + Uit_____________________________________( 1 ) This estimate may have some elements of unobserved heterogeneity where the error term and an independent variable are correlated. To this end, there may be the need to exploit other models (Bruderl, 2005). As for the fixed-effects (error-components) model it is specified as: YiT = ß1 Xit + Vit +Eit ___________________________________( 2 ) In doing away with the problem of unobserved heterogeneity, the model conducts a form of within transformation which could be done by averaging equation 2 over time for each i, this is specified as: y i = ß1 Xi + Vi +Eit ___________________________________( 3 ) Then equation 4 was obtained by subtracting equation (3) from equation (2) as follows: yit - yi = ß1 (Xit - Xi) + Eit +Eit ___________________________________( 4 ) According to Bruderl (2005) this kind of model allows for time-constant heterogeneity to be solved. However, Yaffee (2005) is of the view that the random effects model may be the most appropriate in running a panel data regression. The random effects model assumes the intercept is a random outcome variable, therefore the following specification was used to circumvent likely problems in the dataset: Yit = ßo + ß1 Xit + ß2 X2it +eit_____________________________________( 5 ) ßo = ß1 + V it ______________________________________ ( 6 ) Therefore, the following equation was arrived at by having a model that has an intercept, that is a random effect. This is specified as: yit = ßo + ß1 Xit + ß2 X2it +eit +vi ___________________________________( 7 ) In this case, the fixed effects model has the distinct advantage of allowing for time- invariant variables to be used as independent variables (Yaffee, 2005). In trying to adopt the most suitable for all models for the panel data, the Hausman specification test was used to determine the use of any of these models. In essence, the STATA econometric package version 11 was used to run such test. Model Specification In trying to assess the impact of ICT on commercial bank's performance in Nigeria, the following model has been used: BP = ß0 + ß1Profit + ß2ATM + ß3ebserv + µ ____________ (8) Where BP = Bank performance ß0 = Constant parameter Profit = Profit after tax ATM = ATM usability ebserv = e-banking services µ = Error term Hausman Specification Test for Best Model Selection In a bid to select the use of the best model for the regression analysis series of tests were carried out. According to Yaffee (2005) either of the fixed-effects or random-effects estimators would be the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). To achieve this, the Hausman specification test was used. At the end of the test the random effects estimator was selected as the most appropriate of the two. Data Presentation and Analysis In this section, both descriptive and inferential analysis of the data is dealt with. Table 4.1 presents a summary of the descriptive statistics for the five variables used in this study. The data were extracted from eleven Nigerian Commercial Banks over the period 2001 to 2011. The summary is presented in the form of mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum. Table 4.1: Summary of Descriptive Statistics Variables Observation Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Shareholders Fund 121 1.61 2.71 -2.81 1.18 Net Profit 121 1.33 2.65 -2.81 9.62 ATM 121 129.27 196.6782 0 1090 E-banking 121 7.25 4.6193 3 23 Return on Equity 121 28.12 85.78 -41.11 525.67 Source: Author’s Computation using STATA Version 9.1 The results in Table 4.1 show that, for the period 2001 to 2011, the average value of total equity of the eleven selected commercial banks stood at 1.61, while minimum stood at - 2.81 and the maximum 1.18. The mean value of the net profit for the selected banks was 1.33, while -2.81 was the minimum and 9.62 was the maximum. The average value of return on equity was 28.12, while -41.11 was the minimum and 525.67 was the maximum. The average use of ATM machines stood at 129 machines per annum, while 0 was the minimum and maximum stood at 1,090 machines. The average use of various e-banking services stood at 7.25, while 3 was the minimum and 23 was the maximum. Table 4.2 shows the results obtained from the regression analysis. Table 4.2: Regression Results Dependent Variable: Return on Equity Independent Variables Fixed Effects Random Effects Net profit 2.17 (0.000) 2.19 (0.000) ATM 0.017 (0.731) -0.025 (0.485) E-banking services -4.648 (0.227) 0.631 (0748) R2 0.51 0.50 F 0.000 0.000 Std Error 24.29 16.24 Source: Author’s Computation using STATA Version 9.1 Note: Figures in parentheses are t-values Fixed effects model shows that, the two tail P-values test the hypothesis that each coefficient is different from 0. The null hypothesis is rejected at the 5 % level of significance showing that one of the independent variables (net profit) has a significant positive influence on return on equity which is used as a proxy for bank performance. The fixed effects model shows that the variable net profit has a positive coefficient (2.17) and statistically significant at the 1 % level. This finding indicates that an increase in bank’s profits leads to increase in bank performance. This is obvious because an increase in profit can give room for re- investment thus leading to procurement of more assets. The coefficient (0.0171) for ATM’s usability shows a positive influence on the bank’s performance but it is not statistically significant. This finding indicates that the use of ATM’s does not influence commercial bank’s performance in Nigeria. The coefficient (-4.648) related to various internet banking services provided by a commercial bank is negative and not statistically significant. The finding indicates that an increase in investments in those banking services does not significantly influence bank performance. One possible explanation for this is that e-banking gadgets are capital intensive projects which consume huge amount of capital. Table 4.2 also presents the random effects regression. The coefficient (2.19) for net profit shows a positive influence on the bank’s performance, and it is statistically significant at the 1 % level. This finding indicates that an increase in bank profitability leads to increase in bank performance. The coefficient (-0.025) for ATM’s usability shows a negative influence on the bank’s performance but it is not statistically significant. The coefficient related to e-banking services (0.631) shows a positive influence on bank performance but it is not statistically significant. This indicates the e-banking services do not influence bank performance. The R2 value from Fixed Effects model shows 51 % variation of the bank’s performance. The F statistics value in both models shows that all the models are adequate at 1 % level of significance. To decide between fixed and random effects we ran a Hausman test where the null hypothesis states that the preferred model is random against the alternative which says the preferred model is fixed. The results show that the random effects model is appropriate for the p-value 0.2591 is not significant. Discussion of Findings The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the efficiency of selected commercial banks in Nigeria. In order to do that some important variables such as Net profit, ATM usability and e-banking services were regressed on return on equity. The results from both fixed and random effects models show that the use of ICT in the banking industry does not improve performance of the selected banks. This finding is in line with the findings of Lin (2007), and Acharya et al., (2008). Even though, the use of ICT does not improve return on assets, nonetheless, the findings may be useful for assessing the effects of ICT investments on bank’s productivity. Presumably, if ICT investment increases bank profitability, the banks that invest the most in ICT is expected to have superior efficiency at any point in time. In order to select between the two models since both shows similar results, Hausman specification test has been conducted. The findings from Hausman Specification Test reveal that random effects model is the most appropriate in this study. Summary of Findings The objective of this study is to identify whether information and communication technology (ICT) improves performance of commercial banks in Nigeria using a sample of eleven (11) commercial banks. Previous findings indicate that the use of ICT improves bank’s performance, but does not specify the actual performance measure, i.e. return on assets or return on equity that the best measure efficiency of the bank’s with the adoption of ICT. In order to contribute to this debate this study uses both fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) Models. The data used in this study were sampled from various bank annual financial reports and Factbooks. The Hausman specification test was used to decide between fixed effects or random effects to be adopted for this study. The results of the test indicated that the random effects model is appropriate for this study. The findings are summarized as follows: a. Investment in information and communication technology (ICT) does not improve performance in the Nigerian Commercial Banks. b. An increase in bank’s profitability enhances commercial bank’s performance in Nigeria. c. The coefficient related to e-banking services (0.631) shows a positive influence on bank performance but it is not statistically significant. Conclusions On the basis of the findings of this study, the following conclusions are drawn: investment in ICT does not improve commercial bank's performance in Nigeria. This confirms the reality that most of the Nigeria’s commercial banks are in financial distress since consolidation. In addition, profits serve as driving factor for commercial bank's performance in Nigeria, however, best measures of performance are return on equity and return on assets. Recommendations On the basis of the finding of this study, the following recommendations are offered: i. Since the findings of this study indicate that investment in ICT does not enhance Nigerian commercial banks performance, banks should give emphasis on efficient utilization of the ICT equipment such as credit and electronic cards to pay at retail outlets, points of sales (POS), phone banking, electronic payment debit, cash withdrawal machines that becomes Automated Teller Machines (ATM), home banking, internet banking, mobile banking, personal digital assistant banking rather than purchase of new ones; and ii. For banks to actually reap the benefit of ICT more campaigns and orientation of clients need to be pursued to create awareness for them to patronize the facilities. Acceptance of these facilities will consolidate the gains from investing in them. iii. Unlike the usual assumption that profitability is the measure for performance, firms should now go for either ROA or ROE because they are the best measures of performance. References: Abdullah, Z. (1985): A Critical Review of the Impact of ATMs in Malaysia, Banker’s Journal Malaysia, Volume 28, Pp. 13 – 16. Abdulsalam, O. D. (2006): “Impact of Information Technology on Corporate Performance: A Study of selected Banks in Nigeria”. A Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Postgraduate School, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Abdulsalam, O. D. & Abdullahi M. (2008): “Competition and Bank Performance in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis of the Effect of Competition on Banks’ Profitability (1999 – 2004)”, Readings in Management Studies, Volume 1, pp. 240 – 258, Faculty of Management Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. Acharya, R. N.; Kagan, A.; Lingam, S. R. & Gray, K. (2008): “Impact of Website Usability on Performance: A Heuristic Evaluation of Community Bank Homepage Implementation”, Journal of Business & Economics Research, Volume 6, number 6: June. Acharya, V. V. & Yorulmazer, T. (2008): “Information Contagion and Bank Herding”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Volume 40, number 1: February. Adegbaju, A. A. & Olokoyo, F. O. (2008): “Recapitalisation and Banks’ Performance: A Case Study of Nigerian Banks”, African Economic and Business Review, Volume 6, number 1: Spring. Afolabi, J. A. and Osita, R. (1997): ‘A non-Structural Test of Competition in Nigerian Banking Industry’, NDIC Quarterly, Volume 7, number 1: March. Agbada, A. O. (2008): “Electronic Banking in Nigeria, Problems and Prospects from the Consumer’s Perspective”, Central Bank of Nigeria Bullion, Volume 32, number 4: October – December. Agboola, A. A. et al., (2002): ‘InformTechnology, Bank Automation, and Attitude of Workers in Nigerian Banks’ in Journal of Social Sciences, Kamla-Raj Enterprises, Gali Bari Paharwali, India. Ahmed, A. M. & Khababa, N. (1999): "Performance of the banking sector in Saudi Arabia", Journal of Financial Management Analysis, Volume 12, number 2, Pp. 30 - 36. Akpan, N. (2008): “E-payment solutions: Are Banks getting it right? Business day; Wednesday, February 27th. Akram Jalal-Karim, & Hamdan, Allam M. (2010): “The Impact of Information Technology on improving Banking Performance Matrix: Jordanian Banks as Case Study”, European Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Conference on Information System, April 12th – 13th, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Aragba-Akpore, S. (1998): ‘The Backbone of Banks’ Service Regeneration’, Moneywatch, July 22, p. 23. Asika, N. (2006): Research Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, First Edition. Ibadan: Longman Publishers Nig. Ltd. Berger, A. N. (2003): "The Economic Effects of Technological Progress: Evidence from the Banking Industry", Journal of Money, Credit, Banking, Volume 35, number 2: Pp. 141 - 176. Berger, A. N. & Wharton Financial Institutions Center Philadelphia (2003): The Economic Effects of Technological Progress: Evidence from the Banking Industry, Forthcoming, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Volume 35. Boot, A. W. & Schmeijts, A. (2005): The Competitive challenge in Banking. Amsterdam Centre for Law and Economics, Working paper No. 2005-08. Bruderl, J. (2005) “Panel Data Analysis” Retrieved from http://www.sowi.uni- mannheim.de/lihrstuehle/lessm/veranst/panelanalysepdf. Dos Santos, B. L. & Peffers, K. (1993): The Effects if Early Adoption of Information Technology: An Empirical Study, Journal of Information Technology Management, Volume IV, number 1. Grigorian, D. A. & Vlad Manole (2002): Determinants of Commercial Bank Performance in Transition: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis, International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/02/146. Gwashi, Y. J. & Alkali, A. (1996): The Role of Computer in Record Management. A project submitted to the Caliphate Computer Training School affiliated with the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Consultancy Services, Sokoto. Irechukwu, G., (2000): Enhancing the Performance of Banking Operations Through Appropriate Information Technology, In: Information Technology in Nigerian Banking Industry, Spectrum Books, Ibadan, Pp. 63-78. Johnson, M. (2005): “Overview of Electronic Payment Systems in Nigeria: Strategic and Technical Issues”, Central Bank of Nigeria Bullion, Volume 29, number 2: April/June. Kagan, A.; Ram N. Acharya; L. S. Rao & Vinod Kodepaka (2005): Does Internet Banking Affect the Performance of Community Banks? Katagiri, T. (1989): ATMs in Japan, Bank Administration, Volume 65, number 2: Pp. 16 – 19. Kim, M. & Kim, I. W. (1997): The structure profit relationship of commercial banks in South Korea and the United States: A comparative study, Multinational Business Review, Volume 5, number 2: pp. 81-94. Kozak, S. J. (2005): “The Role of Information Technology in the Profit and Cost Efficiency Improvements of the Banking Sector”. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics. Lin, B. (2007): “Information Technology Capability and Value Creation: Evidence from the US Banking Industry”, Technology in Society, Volume 29: Pp. 93 – 106. Malhotra, P. & Singh, B. (2009): The Impact of Internet Banking on Bank Performance and Risk: The Indian Experience, Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, Volume 2, number 4: Pp. 43 - 62. Nzotta, S. M. & Okereke, E. J. (2009): Financial Deepening and Economic Development of Nigeria: An Empirical Investigation, African Journal of Accounting, Economics, Finance and Banking Research¸ Volume 5, number 5. Opera, B. C.; Olotu, A. O. & Maclayton, D. W. (2010): “Analysis of Impact of Technology on Relationship Marketing Orientation and Bank Performance”, European Journal of Scientific Research, Volume 45, number 2: pp. 291 – 300. http//www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.html. Ovia, J. (2002): “Payment Systems and Financial Innovation, a paper presented at the Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Monetary Policy Conference, November, 25th – 26th, Abuja. Ovia, J. (2005): “Enhancing the Efficiency of the Nigerian Payments System”, The Payments System in Nigeria, Central Bank of Nigeria Bullion, Volume 29, number 1: January – March. Ovia, J. (2005):’From Banking Hall to E-Platform’, Financial Standard, January 15. Porter, M. E. (1985): Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: The Free Press. Rose, Peter S. & Hudgins, Sylvia C. (2006): Bank Management & Financial Services, (6th ed.) McGraw-Hill, New York. Shawkey, B. (1995): Update Products ATMs: The Right Time to Buy? Credit Union Magazine (USA), Volume 61, number 2: Pp. 29 – 32. Sinkey, Jr. & Joseph, F. (1992): Commercial Bank Financial Management: In the Financial- Service Industry, (4th Ed.), Macmillan Publishing Company, Ontario. Solow, R. (1957): “A contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 70: Pp. 65 – 94. Thiel, M. (2001): “Finance and Economic Growth: A Review of Theory and the Available Evidence”, No. 158, July. http://europs.eu.int/economy_finance. Woherem, E. W. (1997): Information Technology in the Nigerian Banking Industry, Spectrum, Ibadan. Yaffee, R. (2005) “A Primer for Panel Data Analysis” Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/its/pubs/connect/fall03/yaffee primer.html. APPENDICES ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ tm /__ / ____/ / ____/ ___/ / /___/ / /___/ 9.1 Copyright 1984-2005 Statistics/Data Analysis StataCorp 4905 Lakeway Drive College Station, Texas 77845 USA 800-STATA-PC http://www.stata.com 979-696-4600 stata@stata.com 979-696-4601 (fax) 40-student Stata for Windows (network) perpetual license: Serial number: 1990515882 Licensed to: SED Facoltà di Economia Università Tor Vergata Notes: 1. (/m# option or -set memory-) 1.00 MB allocated to data . edit (8 vars, 121 obs pasted into editor) . run "C:\DOCUME~1\user2\LOCALS~1\Temp\STD09000000.tmp" . browse . log using "C:\Documents and Settings\user2\My Documents\Stata 9.1\aaaaaa.smcl" ----------------------------------------------------------------- log: C:\Documents and Settings\user2\My Documents\Stata 9.1\aaaaaa.smcl log type: smcl opened on: 23 Nov 2012, 11:01:57 . summarize shfund netprof atm ebserv roe Variable | Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max -------------+--------------------------------------------------- shfund | 121 1.61e+08 2.71e+08 -2.81e+08 1.18e+09 netprof | 121 1.33e+08 2.65e+08 -2.81e+08 9.62e+08 atm | 121 129.2727 196.6782 0 1090 ebserv | 121 7.247934 4.619309 3 23 roe | 121 28.12483 85.75849 -41.11396 525.6674 xtset id year panel variable: id (strongly balanced) time variable: year, 2001 to 2011 delta: 1 unit . . xtreg roe pat atm ebserv, re Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 121 Group variable: id Number of groups = 11 R-sq: within = 0.4974 Obs per group: min = 11 between = 0.5257 avg = 11.0 overall = 0.5025 max = 11 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(3) = 115.66 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- roe | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -- pat | 2.19e-07 2.18e-08 10.02 0.000 1.76e-07 2.61e- 07 atm | -.0254275 .0363892 -0.70 0.485 -.0967491 .0458941 ebserv | .6310353 1.967128 0.32 0.748 -3.224464 4.486535 _cons | 5.255632 16.23958 0.32 0.746 -26.57337 37.08463 -------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -- sigma_u | 25.263062 sigma_e | 58.096311 rho | .1590227 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- . xtreg roe pat atm ebserv, fe Fixed-effects (within) regression Number of obs = 121 Group variable: id Number of groups = 11 R-sq: within = 0.5063 Obs per group: min = 11 between = 0.2006 avg = 11.0 overall = 0.4169 max = 11 F(4,106) = 27.18 corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.2713 Prob > F = 0.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- roe | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -- pat | 2.17e-07 2.27e-08 9.57 0.000 1.72e-07 2.62e- 07 atm | .0171377 .0497691 0.34 0.731 -.0815343 .1158098 ebserv | -4.648265 3.822842 -1.22 0.227 -12.22742 2.930893 _cons | 36.7172 24.28612 1.51 0.134 -11.43238 84.86679 -------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -- sigma_u | 39.236211 sigma_e | 58.096311 rho | .31324236 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ----------------------------------------------------------------- F test that all u_i=0: F(10, 106) = 2.31 Prob > F = 0.0168 . estimates store fixed . xtreg roe pat atm eserv, re variable eserv not found r(111); . xtreg roe pat atm ebserv, re Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs = 121 Group variable: id Number of groups = 11 R-sq: within = 0.4974 Obs per group: min = 11 between = 0.5257 avg = 11.0 overall = 0.5025 max = 11 Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(3) = 115.66 corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- roe | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval] -------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -- pat | 2.19e-07 2.18e-08 10.02 0.000 1.76e-07 2.61e- 07 atm | -.0254275 .0363892 -0.70 0.485 -.0967491 .0458941 ebserv | .6310353 1.967128 0.32 0.748 -3.224464 4.486535 _cons | 5.255632 16.23958 0.32 0.746 -26.57337 37.08463 -------------+-------------------------------------------------------------- -- sigma_u | 25.263062 sigma_e | 58.096311 rho | .1590227 (fraction of variance due to u_i) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- . estimates store random . hausman fixed, sigmamore Note: the rank of the differenced variance matrix (2) does not equal the number of coefficients being tested (3); be sure this is what you expect, or there may be problems computing the test. Examine the output of your estimators for anything unexpected and possibly consider scaling your variables so that the coefficients are on a similar scale. ---- Coefficients ---- | (b) (B) (b-B) sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B)) | fixed random Difference S.E. -------------+--------------------------------------------------- pat |2.17e-07 2.19e-07 -1.95e-09 5.73e-09 atm |.0171377 -.0254275 .0425652 .0336754 ebserv|-4.648265 .6310353 -5.2793 3.260967 ----------------------------------------------------------------- b = consistent under Ho and Ha; obtained from xtreg B = inconsistent under Ha, efficient under Ho; obtained from xtreg Test: Ho: difference in coefficients not systematic chi2(2) = (b-B)'[(V_b-V_B)^(-1)](b-B) = 2.70 Prob>chi2 = 0.2591 LIST OF SELECTED COMMERCIAL BANKS BANK B_ID Year SF PAT ATM ebserv ROE ACCESS 1 2001 919493000.00 77743000.00 0.00 5.00 0.08455 ACCESS 1 2002 1343704.00 -55245000.00 0 5 -41.114 ACCESS 1 2003 2365356.00 556573000.00 0 5 235.302 ACCESS 1 2004 2702830.00 637473000.00 0 5 235.8539 ACCESS 1 2005 14071324.00 501515000.00 0 6 35.64092 ACCESS 1 2006 28893886.00 737149000.00 34 6 25.51228 ACCESS 1 2007 28384891.00 6083439.00 71 6 0.21432 ACCESS 1 2008 171860665.00 16056464.00 95 7 0.093427 ACCESS 1 2009 185188124.00 20814216.00 154 7 0.112395 ACCESS 1 2010 175370457.00 11068121.00 190 7 0.063113 ACCESS 1 2011 197042209.00 16708255.00 305 9 0.084795 DIAMOND 2 2001 47372580.00 1689618.00 25 4 0.035667 DIAMOND 2 2002 53003546.00 1478175.00 28 4 0.027888 DIAMOND 2 2003 115263000.00 65776000.00 35 4 0.57066 DIAMOND 2 2004 883414000.00 903411000.00 41 4 1.022636 DIAMOND 2 2005 2510279.00 2509810.00 50 4 0.999813 DIAMOND 2 2006 222833154.00 3977059.00 150 4 0.017848 DIAMOND 2 2007 320419399.00 7086770.00 164 4 0.022117 DIAMOND 2 2008 625669618.00 12821074.00 165 4 0.020492 DIAMOND 2 2009 650757117.00 -8174413.00 180 4 -0.01256 DIAMOND 2 2010 6522455.00 548402560.00 180 4 84.07916 DIAMOND 2 2011 -22187848.00 722965977.00 180 4 -32.5839 ECO 3 2001 2522540.00 716071000.00 0 4 283.869 ECO 3 2002 2945733.00 553725000.00 0 4 187.9753 ECO 3 2003 3518887.00 816815000.00 0 4 232.1231 ECO 3 2004 4413327.00 854439000.00 0 4 193.6043 ECO 3 2005 25762863.00 1368174.00 0 4 0.053106 ECO 3 2006 132091706.00 3558591.00 52 4 0.02694 ECO 3 2007 311395894.00 7449777.00 104 4 0.023924 ECO 3 2008 432466245.00 2130461.00 163 4 0.004926 ECO 3 2009 355662000.00 -4588000.00 185 4 -0.0129 BANK B_ID Year SF PAT ATM ebserv ROE ECO 3 2010 206817600.00 21091040.00 191 4 0.101979 ECO 3 2011 233493760.00 33094400.00 191 4 0.141736 FIDELITY 4 2001 1300533.00 400661000.00 0 8 308.0745 FIDELITY 4 2002 1915211.00 539242000.00 0 10 281.5575 FIDELITY 4 2003 2515423.00 856885000.00 0 10 340.6524 FIDELITY 4 2004 3519624.00 913604000.00 0 10 259.5743 FIDELITY 4 2005 9776922.00 1305854.00 0 10 0.133565 FIDELITY 4 2006 25664717.00 3218617.00 32 10 0.12541 FIDELITY 4 2007 30101287.00 4714283.00 56 12 0.156614 FIDELITY 4 2008 136371740.00 13356301.00 89 14 0.09794 FIDELITY 4 2009 435666000.00 1557000.00 112 15 0.003574 FIDELITY 4 2010 154371740.00 14256301.00 134 18 0.09235 FIDELITY 4 2011 165371740.00 15356421.00 168 18 0.09286 FIRST 5 2001 18170000.00 5066000.00 50 5 0.278811 FIRST 5 2002 19406000.00 4776000.00 65 5 0.246109 FIRST 5 2003 27006000.00 11010000.00 73 6 0.407687 FIRST 5 2004 41605000.00 11483000.00 104 8 0.276 FIRST 5 2005 48726000.00 13234000.00 280 10 0.2716 FIRST 5 2006 64277000.00 17383000.00 650 10 0.270439 FIRST 5 2007 83627000.00 20636000.00 729 10 0.246762 FIRST 5 2008 351854000.00 36679000.00 818 10 0.104245 FIRST 5 2009 337405000.00 12569000.00 904 10 0.037252 FIRST 5 2010 32123000.00 1962444.00 1090 16 0.061092 FIRST 5 2011 47462000.00 2463543.00 1090 16 0.051906 GTBANK 6 2001 4026177.00 1503694.00 15 13 0.373479 GTBANK 6 2002 8016492.00 2187059.00 23 13 0.27282 GTBANK 6 2003 9638925.00 3144182.00 26 15 0.326196 GTBANK 6 2004 11754406.00 4125832.00 35 15 0.351003 GTBANK 6 2005 33643184.00 5433748.00 60 17 0.161511 GTBANK 6 2006 40549833.00 8590265.00 160 18 0.211845 GTBANK 6 2007 47324118.00 13193759.00 170 18 0.278796 GTBANK 6 2008 160008886.00 21169477.00 185 20 0.132302 BANK B_ID Year SF PAT ATM ebserv ROE GTBANK 6 2009 1065504345.00 23687567.00 200 21 0.022231 GTBANK 6 2010 1125505445.00 27685776.00 215 23 0.024599 GTBANK 6 2011 1175503454.00 32685776.00 218 23 0.027806 STERLING 7 2001 531563000.00 370038000.00 0 4 0.696132 STERLING 7 2002 664454000.00 39810000.00 0 4 0.059914 STERLING 7 2003 831688000.00 178923000.00 0 4 0.215132 STERLING 7 2004 1243294.00 1545077.00 0 4 1.242729 STERLING 7 2005 2966726.00 -4820558.00 0 4 -1.62487 STERLING 7 2006 26319328.00 961645000.00 45 4 36.5376 STERLING 7 2007 26800395.00 620658000.00 50 6 23.15854 STERLING 7 2008 6523153.00 236502923.00 55 6 36.25592 STERLING 7 2009 -6660406.00 205640827.00 60 6 -30.8751 STERLING 7 2010 4178493.00 259579523.00 68 6 62.12276 STERLING 7 2011 6686473.00 504427737.00 68 6 75.44003 UNION 8 2001 13786000.00 5035000.00 0 4 0.365226 UNION 8 2002 30302000.00 4726000.00 0 4 0.155963 UNION 8 2003 32730000.00 6600000.00 0 4 0.20165 UNION 8 2004 39732000.00 8341000.00 0 4 0.209932 UNION 8 2005 43215000.00 9783000.00 0 7 0.22638 UNION 8 2006 100500000.00 10802000.00 35 7 0.107483 UNION 8 2007 102706000.00 13329000.00 56 7 0.129778 UNION 8 2008 25739000.00 26855000.00 83 7 1.043358 UNION 8 2009 -281173000.00 -281373000.00 190 7 1.000711 UNION 8 2010 -135894000.00 118016000.00 198 7 -0.86844 UNION 8 2011 301173000.00 301173000.00 204 7 1 UBA 9 2001 9067000.00 1269000.00 15 3 0.139958 UBA 9 2002 10627000.00 1566000.00 23 3 0.14736 UBA 9 2003 14901000.00 3280000.00 32 3 0.220119 UBA 9 2004 19533000.00 4525000.00 32 3 0.231659 UBA 9 2005 19443000.00 4921000.00 42 4 0.253099 UBA 9 2006 48535000.00 11550000.00 83 4 0.237973 UBA 9 2007 167719000.00 21441000.00 112 4 0.127839 BANK B_ID Year SF PAT ATM ebserv ROE UBA 9 2008 1673333.00 40825000.00 142 4 24.39742 UBA 9 2009 1548281.00 2375000.00 182 4 1.533959 UBA 9 2010 2167000.00 1432632.00 253 4 0.661113 UBA 9 2011 -16385000.00 1655465.00 340 4 -0.10104 WEMA 10 2001 619554000.00 675015000.00 0 4 1.089518 WEMA 10 2002 1481667.00 778864000.00 0 4 525.6674 WEMA 10 2003 1477775.00 1527311.00 0 4 1.033521 WEMA 10 2004 967148000.00 1555460.00 0 4 0.001608 WEMA 10 2005 844285000.00 4451625.00 0 6 0.005273 WEMA 10 2006 20540001.00 -6601961.00 120 6 -0.32142 WEMA 10 2007 25182705.00 2554098.00 150 6 0.101423 WEMA 10 2008 128906575.00 -57738739.00 150 6 -0.44791 WEMA 10 2009 142785723.00 -2094692.00 160 6 -0.01467 WEMA 10 2010 203144627.00 16238533.00 168 6 0.079936 WEMA 10 2011 210144627.00 16538533.00 168 6 0.078701 ZENITH 11 2001 2418243.00 1026658.00 25 5 0.424547 ZENITH 11 2002 3504013.00 1026658.00 32 5 0.292995 ZENITH 11 2003 4424186.00 1548555.00 53 5 0.35002 ZENITH 11 2004 5190768.00 1548555.00 67 5 0.298329 ZENITH 11 2005 42100031.00 7143266.00 84 5 0.169674 ZENITH 11 2006 100642511.00 11619227.00 102 7 0.11545 ZENITH 11 2007 114586090.00 18779804.00 123 7 0.163893 ZENITH 11 2008 344348245.00 51992239.00 245 7 0.150987 ZENITH 11 2009 335570000.00 20603000.00 267 7 0.061397 ZENITH 11 2010 350414000.00 33335000.00 303 7 0.09513 ZENITH 11 2011 360868000.00 37414000.00 373 7 0.103678