SEMINAR ON ADHOC NETWORK SYSTEM

SEMINAR ON ADHOC NETWORK SYSTEM PRESENTED BY NWOSU ONYEKACHI LOVELINE 11E/0010/ST SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY (PHYSICS/ELECTRONICS OPTION) SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE, OWERRI IMO STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE SEPTEMBER, 2012 APPROVAL PAGE This seminar work Adhoc network system has been approved by the department of Science Laboratory Technology (Physics/Electronics option) Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri for the requirement of the award of National Diploma in Science Laboratory. ……………………………………. …………………………………. Mr. Fedelis Uhiara Date Supervisor ……………………………………. …………………………………. Mr. Omenikolo Alex .I. Date Head of Department DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the Almighty God who made me pass through all challenges in accomplishment of this work. My parents are remembered who stood their ground Mr. and Mrs. Eddy Nwosu for their benevolent gesture, I remain indebted to all their support and encouragement in making this journey a success. You are indeed the best I have seen and one in a million. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I sincerely and gratefully express my profound gratitude to God Almighty for his mercies and loving kindness to the successful completion of my course of study in Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri Imo State. Despite all odds that confronted me during this journey, to God be the glory. I express my unreserved gratitude to Mr. & Mrs. Eddy Nwosu and Mr. & Mrs. Eric Ibekwe, all that contributed for the successful completion of my studies. I am deeply indebted for their moral, financial support, prayers and encouragements throughout my program and seminar period. May the good GOD continually keep them strong and preserve them to eat what they have sown. With deep sense of appreciation, I acknowledge my Supervisor Mr. Fedelis Uhiara and my Head of Department Mr. Omenikolo Alex, the entire lecturers of my department of SLT for their assistance, untiring efforts, expert and adequate encouragement given towards the successful execution of this seminar work. Finally, to my bosom friends and to all my course mates, may the good lord forever bless and guide you all Amen. ABSTRACT An adhoc network typically refers to any set of networks where all devices have equal status on the network and are free to associate with any other adhoc network in link range. As communication develops, there is the need for a form of sensor network with no fixed infrastructure and suitable for changing purposes, hence the need for adhoc sensor network. The paper examines the different types of this network and their routing methods such as position base and adaptive. It examines security issues relating to the routing protocols. Adhoc sensor network is of great applicator in military and inaccessible location and their applicator is still on the increase. CONTACT US NOW FOR ORIGINAL OF THIS MATERIAL ON 08032849308

BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ZOBO DRINK SOLD IN OWERRI AND AROUND FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE AND WITHIN OWERRI METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT The Bacteriological Quality Of ‘Zobo’ Drink Sold In Owerri Metropolis was analyzed using standard microbiological methods. The organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species and Escherichia coli. The total viable count of the samples ranged from 0.3 x 109cfu/ml to 4.1 x 1011cfu/ml, while the samples bought from Nekede market had colonies that were too numerous to count. These micro-organisms isolated could be as a result of poor water quality, unhygienic handling and packaging. Care should be taken to address these factors to promote public health and reduce cases of food poisoning

SEMINAR ON BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ZOBO DRINK SOLD IN OWERRI AND AROUND FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE AND WITHIN OWERRI METROPOLIS

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION ‘Zobo’ drinks are aqueous extracts of the calyx of roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa which is an annual herb that is widely cultivated in India and Africa. ‘Zobo’ is a name derived from zoborodo which is the local Hausa (Northern Nigeria) name for Hibiscus sabdariffa plant (Aliyu, 2000). The plant is considered to have antihypertensive properties. Primarily, the plant is cultivated for the production of best fibre from the stem of the plant Hibiscus specifically Roselle had been used in medicine as a diuretic, mild laxative and treatment for cardiac and nerve diseases and cancer. The red calyces of the plant are increasingly exported to America and Europe where they are used as food colourings (Chau et al., 2000). The green leaves are used like a spicy version of spinach. They give flavour to the Senegalese fish and rice dish. Also, in Mynmar, their green leaves are the main ingredient in making chin baung legend curry. In East Africa, the calyx infusion called “Sudan tea” is taken to relieve coughs. Roselle juice with salt, pepper, asafetida and molasses is taken as a remedy for odiousness (over production of bile). The heated leaves are applied to cracks in the feet and on boils and ulcers to speed maturation. The seeds are said to be diuretic and tonic in action and the brownish yellow seed oil is cleaned to heal sores on camels. In India, the decoration of the seed is given to relieve dysuria (Pau et al., 2000). In Africa, especially the Sahel, roselle is commonly used to make a sugary herbal tea that is commonly sold on the street. In Thailand, roselle is drank as tea, believed to also reduce cholesterol. In the Caribbean, sorrel drink is made from sepals of the roselle calyces and are harvested fresh to produce pro-health drinks due to high contents of vitamin C and arthocyanins. Many parts of the plants are also claimed to have various medicinal values. They have been used for such purposes ranging from Mexico through Africa and India to Thailand. Roselle is associated with traditional medicine and is reported to be used as treatment for several diseases such as hypertension and urinary tract infection (Paul et al., 2002). The non-alcoholic drink is quite popular especially when served chilled in a social gathering. The drink is prepared by boiling the dry calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa in water for about 10 - 15 minutes from which the pigment or flavour embedded is extracted. After extraction, the filtrate may be taken hot as tea or allowed to cool and packaged in plastic sachet container, then taken as a refreshing drink when chilled. The sharp sour taste of the raw extract is usually sweetened with sugar cane or granulated sugar, pineapple, orange or other fruits depending on choice. The sweetness of ‘zobo’ does not taste long due to spoilage by microbial activities. There is increase in the demand for ‘zobo’ drink due to its low cost, nutritional and medicinal properties (Oboh and Eluslyan, 2004; Osueke and Ehirim, 2004). The greatest limitation for large scale production of ‘zobo’ drink is the rapid shelf life that is appropriately twenty four hours following production. If not refrigerated, micro-organisms associated with the dried calyx and processing for the production of ‘zobo’ drinks and other factors may contribute to its spoilage (Ehirim, 2004). The aim of this work therefore, is to determine the bacterial quality of ‘zobo’ drinks sold in Owerri and around Federal Polytechnic Nekede and within Owerri metropolis.

SEMINAR ON INSECTICIDES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

INSECTICIDES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT WRITTEN BY OGWUEGBU CHIOMA 12/0272/ST NWANERI IJEOMA H. 12/0273/ST A SEMINAR RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE OWERRI SUPERVISED BY DR. ALI BILAR ALEX IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY. JANUARY 2015 CERTIFICATION This seminar has been read and approved for the department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Industrial and Applied Science, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State. BY …………………………………… ……………………………. DR. ALI BILAR ALEX DATE (Supervisor) …………………………………… ……………………………. DR. ALI BILAR ALEX DATE (H.O.D.)   DEDICATION This seminar work is dedicated to God Almighty for His guidance and protection throughout these years of our academic predicament. This seminar work is also dedicated to the entire student of Science Technology Department (Chemistry).   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to acknowledge our competent and humble supervisor Dr. Ali Bilar Alex for assisting us from all angles towards the successfulness of our seminar work. We also feel indebted to all our lecturers in Science Laboratory Technology and our able Head of Department Dr. Alex A.B. for their immense support both morally and academic towards our academic pursuit. We also appreciate the efforts of our friends, colleagues and the entire students of Science Laboratory Technology who contributed in one way or the other for this achievement. May Almighty God continue to guide them towards their future endeavour. We finally, express our extraordinary appreciations to our beloved parents/guardians Mr. & Mrs. Onyeanuna Ogwuegbu and Mr. & Mrs. Innocent Nwaneri for their numerous supports, financially and otherwise which constituted our major source of sustenance up to this level of academic achievement. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - i Dedication - - - - - - - - ii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - iii Table of Contents - - - - - - - iv CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - 1 1.1 Classification of Insecticides - - - - 3 1.2 Statement of problems - - - - - - 9 1.3 Aim - - - - - - - - - 11 1.4 Objectives - - - - - - - 11

SEMINAR ON ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH MOBILE PHONES IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE OWERRI

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH MOBILE PHONES IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE OWERRI BY OKORO JECINTA ONYEKACHI 12/0011/ST MBAOGU OLUCHI DEBORAH 12/0012/ST A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL, AND APPLIED SCIENCES, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, NEKEDE, OWERRI. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY. DECEMBER, 2014 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was done by Okoro Jecinta Onyekachi and Mbaogu Oluchi Deborah under the supervision of Mr. Mbata T.I. and has been accepted and approved by the Department of Science Laboratory Technology of the School of Industrial and Applied Sciences of Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of National Diploma in Science Laboratory Technology (Biology/Microbiology Option). …………………………………. ………………………… MR. MBATA T.I DATE (SUPERVISOR) …………………………………. ………………………… MR. NWANZE P.I DATE (HEAD of DEPARTMENT) …………………………………. ………………………… EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR DATE DEDICATION We gladly dedicate this research work to the almighty God for its possible and successful completion.   ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our gratitude goes to our able Supervisor, Mr. Mbata, T.l, who has been of encouragement to us. We also express our gratitude to our loving parents Mr. and Mrs. Mathias Okoro and Mr. and Mrs. Edward Mbaogu for their moral and financial support, which has really made it possible for us to attain this greater height and to our siblings for their love and prayers. Finally, we express our profound gratitude to God Almighty who is the source of our strength and inspiration, for with him, we can do all things.   ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the bacterial contamination of mobile phones and to identify the most important bacterial species associated with these phones. A total of 60 samples were collected from the mobile phones of students and staff who volunteered, health care workers, and commercial centres all within Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Nigeria. The following bacteria were isolated; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp, Proteus sp, Kiebsiella sp, and Enterococcus sp, at the rate of 33.3, 21.7, 15.0, 11.7, 8.3, 6.7, 3.3% respectively. The study revealed that mobile phones of cleaners had largest variety of bacteria in this study. This may be as a result of long time exposure to the environment and usage while cleaning. Mobile phones of nurses had higher number of pathogenic bacteria when compared with those of lecturers. This result showed that mobile phones may serve as a vehicle for the transmission of disease. CALL 08032849308 FOR FULL MATERIAL

SEMINAR ON GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY BY EKEOMA U. VIVIAN 12E/0114/ST A SEMINAR WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED SCIENCE, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OWERRI, IMO STATE. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY DECEMBER, 2014 CERTIFICATION This seminar has been accepted and approved by the department of Science Laboratory Technology (Micro Biology Option) of the School of Industrial and Applied Sciences, Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri, for the Award of National Diploma in Science Technology. ………………………………. …………………………. Mrs. Chioma Okore Date (Supervisor) ………………………………. …………………………. Mr. Peter Nwanze Date (H.O.D) ………………………………. …………………………. External Examiner Date   DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty for His wisdom, good health to our lives and guidance to the end of this seminar.   ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to express my profound gratitude to God Almighty that deemed it necessary for the completion of my programme. My honest gratitude goes to our wonderful supervisor Mrs. Chioma Okorie whose contributions and corrections as well as guidelines helped us a lot in carrying out this work. I wish to express my happiness my parents for the moral and financial support they gave to me throughout the period of this work. Also, those who contributed in one way or the other to the success of this work, I express my happiness to you.   TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - i Approval Page - - - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - iv Abstract - - - - - - - - - v Table of Contents - - - - - - - vi CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction - - - - - - 1 1.1 History of gas chromatography- - - - 6 1.2 Gas chromatography analysis - - - - 6

The Role of Trade Unions in Industrial Relations

ABSTRACT A Trade union is an organization of workers, acting collectively, who seek to protect and promote their mutual interests through collective bargaining. Trade unions are based upon the concept of "class-struggle" between the capitalist employers and their workers. Tannenbaum traces the rise of unions to the worker's reaction to the philosophy of individualism dominating the 19th and the 20th centuries. The Industrial Revolution destroyed the older way of life and left the individual worker at the mercy of the employer "who became the catalytic agent that crystallized them into a self-conscious group." The worker became completely dependent on others for his livelihood, and "equality came to mean equality for competitive strife. The role of trade unions are considered as essentially reformist organizations and economic institutions based on the Sarvodaya principles of Truth, Non-violence and Trusteeship. Trade unions are important players in today’s industrialized world. Trade Unions have three cardinal principles; Unity is strength, Equality of pay for equal work, Security of employment. Trade unions have gradually evolved and have now come to occupy an important place in the modern industrial order, they have now become gigantic associations; they have now become institutions which are interested in the social, cultural and political development of the county. Now-a-days the trade union movement is no longer solely a movement for advancing claims as a movement seeking to increase the material well being of its members but has grown into a force which not only defends the political, social and cultural interests of its members but also carries out special tasks affecting enterprising and intellectual workers especially with regard to their career, jobs, salaries, paid holidays, vocational training, recreational and health improvement programmes etc. The growth of trade unions has been influenced by a number of ideologies, social, economic and even political movements have influenced trade unions in one or the other way. Keywords Trade union, Indian economy INTRODUCTION The attribution of behavioural change to legal innovation is never straightforward. The success of any legislation depends to a large extent on how far it goes with the grain of underlying societal changes and thereby steers, rather than forces, the process of adjustment. What can be said, at this relatively early stage, of the impact of the ERA upon collective representation in British employment? Our interviews indicate wide spread agreement among employers and union officials that the ERA has made a major contribution to achieving a change in both the atmosphere and conduct of employment relations. There can be no doubt that there has been a strong symbolic impact. Trade unions have regained official to lerance, if not encouragement, and they are experiencing a more sympathetic response from employers. Employers for their part have responded with their characteristic pragmatism, as evidenced by their recruiting managers with experience of dealing with unions The Role of Trade Unions in Industrial Relations Trade or labor unions have been around since the 1930s to resist through equal bargaining power the domination of employers over employees and to represent workers’ interests in the employment relationship. It is through union efforts that workers benefit from better pay and working conditions, and that they are treated with dignity and respect at work. The importance of trade unions cannot be overstated even though membership has been on a steady decline. Collective Bargaining Labor unions developed to grant employees equal bargaining power with their employers, who traditionally had the ability to exclusively set the terms and conditions of work and pay. Unions represent workers within a given industry in negotiations with their employers. Since the union comprises a group of workers, it has a greater voice than if employees were dealing with employers individually. For example, unions are credited with abolishing sweatshops and child labor in the United States because they pushed for these practices to end. The National Labor Relations Act guarantees employees’ right to bargain collectively through their chosen labor union representatives. Unions can organize strikes, boycotts, go-slows and sit-ins to get employers to consider their proposals. Employee Welfare Unions have successfully fought for better terms and conditions for workers. They represent workers’ interests and have secured a variety of benefits, such as higher wages for unionized employees, work-life balance characterized by reasonable work schedules, job security and protection from arbitrary action by employers. In a September 2012 essay on the CNN website, Democratic strategist Donna Brazile asserted that is also due in part to union activity that discrimination in the workplace was outlawed and that workers have access to health care, safe working conditions and guaranteed Social Security. Unions not only have given workers dignity in the workplace, but they also consistently facilitate enhanced welfare and standards of living for American workers. Unfair Practices Labor unions check the unfair labor practices of employers. The NLRA declares that it is unlawful for employers to dominate a union, discriminate against workers engaged in union activity, victimize workers who file charges against them with the National Labor Relations Board or interfere with employees engaged in concerted union activity. If the employer does any of these prohibited acts, the union can take it up with the board on behalf of the employees. For example, the union representing Boeing Co. engineers and technical workers filed charges against the company for interfering with employees engaging in concerted union activity. The board investigates charges and may take a variety of actions, including issuance of cease-and-desist or reinstatement orders to remedy unfair treatment against employees. Unions ensure that employers comply with the law and can lodge appeals in federal court if employers do not respect board decisions. Legislation Unions also play a key role in developing labor laws and regulations for effective worker protection. The unions initiate the push for regulation in areas that concern employees in the workplace. They lobby for the creation of laws and regulations and disseminate information to the employees about them. Measures such as the NLRA, the Social Security Act, the Family Medical Leave Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act exist as a result of union efforts for better terms and conditions for workers. Unions monitor the status of implementation of employee welfare laws and regulations to ensure they are properly enforced. Importance Of Trade Unions The existence of a strong and recognized trade union is a prerequisite to industrial peace. Decisions taken through the process of collective bargaining and negotiations between employer and unions are more influential. Trade unions play an important role and are helpful in effective communication between the workers and the management. They provide the advice and support to ensure that the differences of opinion do not turn into major conflicts. The central function of a trade union is to represent people at work. But they also have a wider role in protecting their interests. They also play an important role in organizing courses for their members on a wide range of matters. Seeking a healthy and safe working environment is also prominent feature of the trade union. Trade unions help in accelerated pace of economic development in many ways as follows: • by helping in the recruitment and selection of workers • by inculcating discipline among the workforce • by enabling settlement of industrial disputes in a rational manner • by helping social adjustments. Workers have to adjust themselves to the new working conditions, the new rules and policies. Workers coming from different backgrounds may become disorganized, unsatisfied and frustrated. Unions help them in such adjustment. Trade unions are a part of society and as such, have to take into consideration the national integration as well. Some important social responsibilities of trade unions include: • ppromoting and maintaining national integration by reducing the number of industrial disputes • incorporating a sense of corporate social responsibility in workers • achieving industrial peace Conclusion Whether or not individual employers have welcomed the ERA, most of those who do not already fully recognise unions have become aware of its statutory recognition procedures and have responded to them. Some have been prompted to strengthen their anti-union strategies, but many have taken the opportunity to review their policy towards trade unions. They have redefined the basis of their recognition of unions, including the scope of bargaining and of consultation, the pattern of bargaining units, and the structure of representation. Many have taken the opportunity to recons ider which unions they choose to deal with, gratuitously assisted in this by the readiness of unions to compete with each othe r. But although the nature of collective bargaining has been changing, with growing constraints on bargaining over pay, these constraints cannot be attributed to the ERA. The conclusion is rather that the ERA had the effect of speeding up a process of managed trade union recognition, re-recognition or (in some workplaces) exclusion that had already got well under way during the 1990s. REFERENCES 1. ACAS (2001). Annual Report 2000-2001. London: ACAS. 2. Adams, R. (1999). Why Statutory Union Recognition is Bad Labour Policy: the North American Experience. 3. Industrial Relations Journal, 30: 96-100. 4. Bain, G. S. (1970). The Growth of White Collar Unionism. Oxford: Clarendon.Brown, W. Deakin, S. Hudson, M. Pratten, C. and Ryan, P. (1998). 5. The Individualisation of Employment Contracts in Britain, Research Paper No 4, London: 6. Department of Trade and Industry. Brown, W. A. Deakin, S. Nash, D. and Oxenbridge, S. (2000). The Employment Contract:from Collective Procedures to Individual Rights. 7. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38:611-629. 8. Brown, W. A. Deakin, S. Hudson, M. and Pratten, C. (2001). The Limits of Statutory Trade Union Recognition. 9. Industrial Relations Journal, 32: 180-194. 10. CAC (2001). Annual Report 2000-2001. London: Central Arbitration Committee. 11. Davies, P. and Freedland, M. (1993). Labour Legislation and Public Policy. Oxford: OUP. 12. Gall, G. and McKay, S. (2000). Trade Union Recognition in Britain: the dawn of a new era? 13. Paper presented at the BUIRA conference, Warwick University, July 2000. 14. Gall, G. and McKay, S. (2001). Facing “fairness at work”: union perception of employer opposition and response to union recognition. 15. Industrial Relations Journal, 32: 94-113. Gunnigle, P. Turner, T. and D’Art, D. (1998). Counterpoising collectivism: performance related pay and industrial relations in greenfield sites.