SEMINAR ON IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CELL MADE OF SEMICONDUCTOR

SEMINAR TOPIC ON IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CELL MADE OF SEMICONDUCTOR WRITTEN BY chinedu james e. (POWER OPTION) TABLE OF CONTENTS SEMINAR TOPIC ON IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CELL MADE OF SEMICONDUCTOR TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Contents v Abstract vi Table of content Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Primary energy sources 1.2 Renewable energy sources Photovoltaic solar energy (solar electricity) 1.4 Introduction to photovoltaic solar energy 1.5 Photovoltaic technologies 1.6 Photovoltaic applications and market CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Improving the performance of organic solar cells 2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles enhance performance of solar cells 2.3 Improve Solar PV Panel Efficiency and Output Power Solar Cell Technology Fill factor Solar Cells Glazing Solar Panel Orientation Solar tracker Concentrators Solar Charge Controls MPPT Controller Top of Form 2.4 Blu-Ray Disc Can be Used to Improve Solar Cell Performance Data storage pattern transferred to solar cell increases light absorption 2.5 Improving the efficiency of solar panels Light scattering was promoted in the visible part of sunlight's spectrum CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Materials Crystalline silicon Monocrystalline silicon Ribbon silicon Mono-like-multi silicon (MLM) Thin film Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Silicon thin film Gallium arsenide thin film Multijunction cells 3.2 Research in solar cells Perovskite solar cells 3.3 Upconversion and Downconversion 3.4 Light-absorbing dyes 3.4 Quantum dots 3.5 Organic/polymer solar cells Manufacture CHAPTER FOUR Conclusion and recommendation reference Abstract The purpose of this project was to investigate how the design of solar cells could be improved so that they could become a more reliable source of energy. The first design change considered was shape manipulation, in which a normal photovoltaic array would be changed from a flat panel to either a cylindrical, parabolic, or spherical light-capture device. The idea is to change the cell or panel so that as much light is absorbed as possible. The second idea explored was to use a home water heating system in conjunction with the solar cells in order to control temperature fluctuation within the solar array, thus optimizing efficiency. The use of wiper blades, similar to windshield wiper systems in cars, was proposed as our third idea in order to remove any snow or debris from the surface of the panels. Other changes considered included the use of light-manipulation methods, such as Fresnel lenses, to enhance solar flux, prisms, which would be used to redirect light towards an array of solar cells, and one way glass, CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Solar cells are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, otherwise known as solar panels. Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic irrespective of whether the source is sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring light intensity. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:  The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons.  The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.  The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit. In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation from heat. A "photoelectrolytic cell" (photoelectrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only solar illumination. Any change that takes place in the universe is accompanied by a change in a quantity that we name energy. We do not know what energy exactly is, we use this term to describe a capacity of a physical or biological system for movement or change. Energy comes in many forms, such as electrical energy, chemical energy, or mechanical energy, and it can be used to realize many forms of change, such as movement, heating, or chemical change. Any activity, and human activity as well, requires energy. Human beings need it to move their bodies, to cook, to heat and light houses, or to drive vehicles. Human being is a greedy consumer of energy. An active young man needs about 2500 kcal (2.9 kWh) per day to fulfil his daily energy requirements. This means the energy of about 1060 kWh per year. The present global energy consumption is around 19 000 kWh per inhabitant per year. It means that on average a man consumes about 19 times more energy than is needed for his survival and satisfactory health. The mankind has witnessed an enormous increase in energy consumption during last 100 years. While in 1890 the energy use per inhabitant per year was around 5800 kWh it reached 20200 kWh in 1970. Since 1970 the energy use has dropped to the present level of 19000 kWh per inhabitant per year. The increase in energy use in the 20th century can be related to an evolution process that has started about five centuries ago. The underlying motivation of this process was formulated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th century as the philosophy of human progress. The aim of the process was an examination of the surrounding world and its adaptation to the needs of people whose life would become more secure and comfortable. This process was accompanied by growing industrialization and mass production, which were demanding more and more energy. At the end of the 19th century coal was the main source of energy. In this period electricity was introduced in the industrialized countries as a new and elegant form of energy. This form of energy was quickly applied on a large scale. The widespread growth of electricity use led to construction of hydroelectric plants and hydropower became an important source of energy in the first half of the 20th century. In the period after the World War II much effort was put into the reconstruction of the society. The emphasis was directed on the growth and efficiency of the mass production. New technologies and new materials, such as plastic, were applied in the production. The energy demand was tremendously growing in this period. Oil and gas started to play an important role as energy sources in the second half of the 20th century. Coal, oil, and gas form today dominant sources of energy. These three energy sources, also known as fossil fuels, are called the traditional energy sources. In this period nuclear energy was introduced as a new source of energy. Increasing and more efficient mass production resulted in the low price of many household products. The consumption of the products grew enormously and therefore it is not surprising that we characterize today society as a consumption society. Nevertheless, it has become evident at the end of the 20th century that the philosophy of human progress that has manifested itself in a huge production and consumption of goods has a negative side too. It has been recognized that a massive consumption of fossil fuels in order to fulfill the present energy demands has a negative impact on the environment. The deterioration of environment is a clear warning that the present realization of human progress has its limitations. The emerging international environmental consciousness was formulated in a concept of a sustainable human progress. The sustainable human progress is defined as: “… to ensure that it (sustainable development) meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”1. A new challenge has emerged at the end of the 20th century that represents a search for and a utilization of new and sustainable energy sources. The urge of this challenge is underlined by limited resources of the fossil fuels on the Earth and increasing demand for energy production. This is the reason why the attention is turning to the renewable energy sources. Energy is an essence of any human activity. When we are interested in how the human civilization has been producing and using energy, we can describe it in terms of an energy system. The main characteristics of the energy system are: the population, the total consumption of energy, and the sources and forms of energy that people use. The energy system at the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by six billion people that live on the Earth and the total energy consumption of approximately 1.3 × 1010 kW. 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

TITLE PAGE RISK MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR PROFIT MAXIMIZATION (A CASE STUDY ACCESS BANK PLC) WRITTEN BY Chinedu j.e. ABSTRACT The study carried out an empirical investigation into the quantitative effect of credit risk on the performance of commercial banks in Nigeria over the period of 11 years 2000\2010.Five commercial banking firms were selected on a cross sectional basis for eleven years. The traditional profit theory was employed to formulate profit, measured by return on asset[ROA], as a function of the ratio of Nonperforming loan to loan and advance [NPLILA], ratio of total loan and advance to total deposit[LA/TD] and the ratio of loan loss provision to classified loans[LLP/TD] as measures of credit risk. Panel model analysis was used to estimate the determinants of the profit function. The result showed that the effect of credit risk on bank performance measure by the return on Assets of banks is cross sectional invariant. That is, the effect is similar across banks in Nigeria, though the degree to which individual banks are affected is not captured by the method of analysis employed in the study. Banks collect deposits and lend to customers but when customer fail to meet their obligations, problem such as non performing loans arise. This study evaluates the impact of credit risk on the profitability of Nigerian banks. The findings revealed that credit risk management has a significant impact on the profitability of Nigeria banks. pls call to get the full material on 08032849308

THE CONTRIBUTION AND CHALLENGES OF MICRO FINANCE BANK IN THE RURAL AREAS

THE CONTRIBUTION AND CHALLENGES OF MICRO FINANCE BANK IN THE RURAL AREAS CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Robust economic growth cannot achieved without putting in place a well focused programme to reduce poverty through empowering the people by increasing their access to factors of production especially credit. The lastest capacity of the poor for entrepreneurship would be significantly enhanced through the provision of microfinancve service to enable them engage in economic activities and be more self reliance, increase employment opportunist, enhance household income and create wealth. Micro finance is about providing financial service for the poor who are traditionally not saved by the conventional financial institution. It has three features, these are:  The smallness of loans advanced and savings collected.  The absence of assests based collaterals  Simplicity of operations. In Nigeria, the final financial institutions save about 35% of the economically active population while the remaining 65% are excluded from access for finanmcial service. The non-regulation of the activities of some of those institution has serious implication for the central bank of Nigeria (CBN’S) ABILITY TO EXERCISE ONE ASPECT OF ITS MANDATE OF PROMOTING MONETARY STABILITY AND A SAID FINANCIAL SYSTEM. A micro financial policy which recognizes the existing inamal institution and brings the within the supervisory provision of the CBN would not only enhance monetary stability but also expand the financial requirement of the micro small and medium enterprises (MSME) such sub-sector that should adequately integrate into the main steam of the standard and provide a strategic plat form for the evolution of micro finance institution, npromoting appropriate regulation, supervision and adoption of best practices. In these circumstances, an appropriate policy has become necessary to develop a 1.2 statement of the problems The research study is defined to review the challenges facing micro finance bank in Nigeria as well as their contribution providing financial services to the poor who are not traditionally serve by conventional financial institution. It will also highlight the contribution of micro finance bank in development of rural and urban sector of the society. It will also seek to cover the majority of the poor but economically active population thereby creating millions of job opportunities and reducing poverty. This will also mobilize domestic savings and promote the banking culture among low income grups. If so, how will those rural dwellers benefit from such bankng institution? 1.3 objectives of the study The objectives of the study are stated below: 1. To examine the performance of micro finance bank in the rural and urban area communities and how they affect the lives of the people in that area. 2. To be used in partial fulfillment of award of national diploma in the department of banking and finance. REASEARCH QUESTIONS This research work will provide answers to the following research questions 1. In what way does the micro finance bank help the active poor. 2. Does micro finance bank actually bring developments to the rural dwellers ? 3. Does the government and public benefit from the services rendered by micro finance institution 4. Are they loan requirement stringent for small and modern scale enterprise ? 1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The significance of this study cannot be over emphasized. It is expected that a number of people and micro finance bank would benefit from it. Firstly, the finding will be used to reshape the financial sector of the country. It will also assists government to modify practice necessary for a healthy banking practice in the urban and rural communities, where micro finance banks operates and the bank customers will also benefit since it will encourage rural banking habit as well as reduces or instill confidence in them. Lastly, it is expected to benefit from banks in Nigeria and student who may research on this topic in future. It will be of particular relevance to the active poor in the society on the issue of micro finance banks is a negative or positive effects. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will cover a review of challenges and contribution of micro finance bank in develop-ments of the rural areas. Emphasis will be placed on those that operate in the rural areas and how they will be contributing to the rural transformation. For the purpose of the study, we will be looking at the micro finance bank (i.e.) oche micro finance ltd and unique trust micro finance bank all in imo state. 1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY In the course of carrying out this study many problems were encountered. Some the difficulties were strange while some were routine problems. Generally speaking, the problems facing this study are not farfetched. 1 this study should have covered the entire country since the micro finance bank ltd and unique trust micro finance has the whole country as its market but due to the inadequate time needed to cover every aspect of the variable under study to take oche micro finance bank ltd as a case study. 2 there was the problem of ignorance lack of the co operation on the part of respondents 3 inadequate literatures, journals, articles, magazines etc that were published with respect to the contributions and challenges of micro finance bank in the rural areas. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS This section will deal with some times which were used for easy comprehensive. Some of these terms are as follows: CAMA- Company and allied matters act CBN- Central bank of Nigeria NGO- Non-governmental organization NAFCC- National micro finance consultation committee MFBS – MICRO FINANCE BANKS DECAP- DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL FUND FINCA- FOUNDATON FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ASSITANCE ACGS –AGRICULTURE CREDIT GUARRANTEES. CBS –COMMUNITY BANKS. FEAP FAMILY ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT PROGRAMME . NAPER – NATIONALPOVERTY ERADICATION. call for the material on 08032849308